Our Bandit Future Cities, Shantytowns, and Climate Change Governance Essay

Our Bandit Future Cities, Shantytowns, and Climate Change Governance - Essay Example The analyst expresses that the impacts of environmental change on the world's urban communities and the individuals who live in them are not subjects that have gotten a lot of consideration, in any event not in separation from other environmental change impacts. Environmental change impacts will in general get considered in mainland or territorial terms: liquefying ice tops, rural yield misfortunes across tremendous areas of land, and shoreline misfortune that will immerse sub-landmasses. On the other hand, the conversation will in general spotlight on conduct change, again at the degree of whole national populaces, proposing that nations must consider utilizing cleaner vitality sources, delivering cleaner-consuming vehicles, and giving impetuses to residents to protect their homes better. Many, if not most, reporters appear to underwrite the view that goals of environmental change difficulties ought to be tended to at the worldwide level and authorized by state parties compliant wit h worldwide accords. All the more as of late, there has been some conversation of the disparities that environmental change will worsen. Roughly put, the examination sets that more unfortunate countries, particularly those in Asia and Africa, will get more unfortunate, while the more extravagant countries will- - on the off chance that they don't get more extravagant - endure less of the negative results of environmental change. Considering these differential environmental change impacts on less fortunate countries, a few experts have investigated the likelihood of expanded common hardship. Be that as it may, in any event, when the writing looks at impacts of environmental change on common struggle, the investigation will in general location national jobs and respective or multilateral national reactions. (5) Furthermore, when land use changes are examined, urban land use is regularly avoided from thought. The spotlight will in general be on deforestation and rural land. (6) This di scussion strikingly dismisses what is ostensibly the prevailing segment move ofâ ourâ era, to be specific the worldwide pattern towards urbanization- - the transition to super urban communities. As the United Nations Population Fund reports, in 2008, a lion's share of the total populace will live in urban territories. That number is required to increment by another half by 2030. (7) In recorded terms, it is difficult to downplay the essentialness of this marvel, particularly because of the fact that by far most of these urban settlers will show up with hardly any assets and live in ghetto conditions. (8) Moreover, maybe the trademark highlight of numerous such ghettos is that they are commanded by the casual economy, described by abusive frameworks of support, defilement, and viciousness. (9) As the world gets more sweltering, this appears to probably make a- - maybe actually - ignitable circumstance. (10) A large group of components, including ecological corruption, lacking arran gement of natural and framework administrations, and restricted business openings are consolidating to transform a significant number of the world's super ghettos into perilous, rough places. (11) Moreover, there is significant writing that has analyzed the connection between expanded urban savagery and temperature rise. (12) It doesn't appear to be preposterous, in this way, to place an association between environmental change and urban brutality, one that calls

Railroads and the American Expansion into the West Essay Example for Free

Railways and the American Expansion into the West Essay The cross-country railroad development started on the West Coast in 1863. The Chinese involved a significant piece of the work power that assembled the Central Pacific railroad eastbound, over the high Sierras, and over the deserts of the West †to Promontory, Utah, where on May 1869, it connected up with the Union Pacific whose laborers, of Irish, Scottish, German and Italian drop, began in Omaha, Nebraska. The railroad decreased the crosscountry trip, from Boston to San Francisco, from a half year to multi week. At the point when the rails from the contrary sides were just about a the purpose of meeting, the entire nation tuned in for updates on Promontory. And afterward a gun looked over the Pacific and one over the Atlantic went off all the while blazing a sign over the United States. Groups cheered. There was a free for all of festivity. It was a gigantic occasion for the nation. The acclaimed Golden Spike service on May 10, 1869 at Promontory, Utah, remembered the consummation of Americas first cross-country railroad. The occasion denoted the joining of the nation that had as of late battled the Civil War, and hence had most unique essentialness. The cross country turned into a reality (Williams 4) During the nineteenth century in America, the railroad spoke to human progress moving into the wild. As right on time as 1835 the U. S Senate talked about studying the west to fabricate a Transcontinental railroad. In any case, railroad innovation had not yet evolved sufficient thought process capacity to cross the sloping west. That incredible accomplishment was left to the up and coming age of railroaders. During the 1840’s the expression â€Å"Manifest Destiny† was begat to clarify the development of the United States. It was contended that the nation had a right, an undeniable predetermination, to extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans and to oversee all the land in the middle. Be that as it may, the nation’s satisfaction of its Manifest Destiny or development needed to hold up until after the Civil War. Meanwhile, the railways expanded the number of inhabitants in the United States east of the Mississippi and made a clamoring economy with its quick shipping of merchandise to and from the bigger east-coast urban communities. Following the Civil War, the railways made it workable for venture into the Trans-Mississippi West to the Pacific Ocean. Individuals in the territory were guaranteed there was an approach to get their items to showcase, and to get data and made merchandise to make their work and lives simpler. In the second 50% of the nineteenth century, the railways combined immense regions into one country by making trustworthy monetary, social and correspondences solidarity. The railways connected California with states in the east, even as they helped the inside areas become immediately populated. Towns jumped up along the track around water and coaling stations for the trains. Ordinarily, the men who laid the tracks bought property and settled down on ranches. Miners for gold, silver, iron and oil kept on pushing west to burrow mines, dish streams and drill fields in Colorado, Montana, Nevada, and California. Simultaneously, developing urban communities back in the east required more laborers for overwhelming enterprises, material plants, machine shops and piece of clothing production lines and the need was met by relocating Blacks, French Canadians, and another flood of migrants from all through Europe. The main Transcontinental Railroad has been known as the building wonder of the nineteenth century, it opened new economies in the American west, while expending tremendous amounts of its characteristic assets; it birthed one lifestyle on the Great Plains, and crushed another. During the time spent persevering American venture into the West, the Indian clans were to a great extent observed as snags. As far as concerns them, the Indians respected the white pioneers started gushing over the fields toward gold in California and afterward close by Colorado, Indians as another power of nature †for the most part a perilous one. The white voyagers spread smallpox and typhoid. The Indians confronted it progressively hard to track down game. Elk and wild ox, impala was getting progressively hard to seek after on the grounds that the individuals who went ahead the trains were likewise after them, either for food or game. Indeed, even when Pacific Railroad development started, starvation and sickness had just wracked the Cheyenne, the Sioux and the Arapaho. Throughout the decades, the Indian clans was seriously influenced by the infringement of white pioneers and the inconvenience of government arrangements. The United States received an arrangement of moving clans more distant west or detaching them on reservations. The same number of see it now, the government Indian arrangement was described by one essential objective: pushing aside Indian clans to encourage the misuse of the Wests abundant common assets. The U. S. Government started to make settlements with the Plains Indians during the 1850s to 1871. Settlements stayed as the lawful way to grab Indian countries from them, however they made Indian reservations all through the West. In any case, government Indian arrangement during the period from 1870 through 1900 moved the concentration from making reservations to bit by bit acclimatizing the Indians into the normal populace. While the railways were an image of the tireless walk of progress, this advancement claimed an overwhelming cost for some conventional people groups and their hundreds of years old societies which were strange to its ways. Reference: Williams, John Hoyt. A Great Shining Road: The Epic Story of the Transcontinental Railroad. Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press. 1988.

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Am a Simple Product

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Am a Simple Product Many candidates who approach us are concerned that they cannot get their stories out in a single sentence or worried that their personal branding is too muddled. Some candidates feel that they must have a single narrative and continuously speak to it in order to make an impression on the admissions committees. But, of course, you are not a simple product with one or two attributesâ€"a Budweiser beer, for example, which can be represented with a straightforward slogan, “The Great American Lager.” MBA candidates are far more complex than consumer products. So, presenting yourself as one-dimensional (“I am an entrepreneur in everything I do,” “I am a finance guy”) is indeed a mistake that prevents you from revealing your depth of character and experience. Let us consider a basic example: Jon built a lawn care business from a single truck into ten trucks, and he also coached Little League baseball, becoming a de facto “big brother” to one of the kids on the team. Why should Jon only show his entrepreneurial side and ignore his empathetic and altruistic treatment of this young baseball player? Why would not Jon instead reveal his depth and versatility, telling each story and revealing distinct but complementary strengths? We at mbaMission encourage candidates to brainstorm thoroughly and consider each of their stories from as many different perspectives as possible. There is no simple formula for presenting yourself to the admissions committee. In fact, it is quite important for you to show that you are a multi-talented and sophisticated person. After all, admissions committees are on the hunt for the next great business leaders, and the true legends of international business cannot be summed up in three or four words. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Am a Simple Product Many candidates who approach us are concerned that they cannot get their stories out in a single sentence or worried that their personal branding is too muddled. Some candidates feel that they must have a single narrative and continuously speak to it in order to make an impression on the admissions committees. But, of course, you are not a simple product with one or two attributesâ€"a Budweiser beer, for example, which can be represented with a straightforward slogan, “The Great American Lager.” MBA candidates are far more complex than consumer products. So, presenting yourself as one-dimensional (“I am an entrepreneur in everything I do,” “I am a finance guy”) is indeed a mistake that prevents you from revealing your depth of character and experience. Let us consider a basic example: Jon built a lawn care business from a single truck into ten trucks, and he also coached Little League baseball, becoming a de facto “big brother” to one of the kids on the team. Why should Jon only show his entrepreneurial side and ignore his empathetic and altruistic treatment of this young baseball player? Why would not Jon instead reveal his depth and versatility, telling each story and revealing distinct but complementary strengths? We at mbaMission encourage candidates to brainstorm thoroughly and consider each of their stories from as many different perspectives as possible. There is no simple formula for presenting yourself to the admissions committee. In fact, it is quite important for you to show that you are a multi-talented and sophisticated person. After all, admissions committees are on the hunt for the next great business leaders, and the true legends of international business cannot be summed up in three or four words. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Am a Simple Product Many candidates who approach us are concerned that they cannot get their stories out in a single sentence or worried that their personal branding is too muddled. Some candidates feel that they must have a single narrative and continuously speak to it in order to make an impression on the admissions committees. But, of course, you are not a simple product with one or two attributesâ€"a Budweiser beer, for example, which can be represented with a straightforward slogan, “The Great American Lager.” MBA candidates are far more complex than consumer products. So, presenting yourself as one-dimensional (“I am an entrepreneur in everything I do,” “I am a finance guy”) is indeed a mistake that prevents you from revealing your depth of character and experience. Let us consider a basic example: Jon built a lawn care business from a single truck into ten trucks, and he also coached Little League baseball, becoming a de facto “big brother” to one of the kids on the team. Why should Jon only show his entrepreneurial side and ignore his empathetic and altruistic treatment of this young baseball player? Why would not Jon instead reveal his depth and versatility, telling each story and revealing distinct but complementary strengths? We at mbaMission encourage candidates to brainstorm thoroughly and consider each of their stories from as many different perspectives as possible. There is no simple formula for presenting yourself to the admissions committee. In fact, it is quite important for you to show that you are a multi-talented and sophisticated person. After all, admissions committees are on the hunt for the next great business leaders, and the true legends of international business cannot be summed up in three or four words. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Am a Simple Product Many candidates who approach us are concerned that they cannot get their stories out in one sentence or worried that their personal branding is too muddled. Some candidates feel that they must have a single narrative and continuously speak to it to make an impression on the admissions committees. But, of course, you are not a simple product with just one or two attributesâ€"a Budweiser beer, for example, which can be represented with a straightforward slogan, “The Great American Lager.” MBA candidates are far more complex than consumer products. So, presenting yourself as one-dimensional (“I am an entrepreneur in everything I do,” “I am a finance guy”) is definitely a mistake that prevents you from revealing your depth of character and experience. Let us consider a basic example: Jon built a lawn care business from a single truck into ten trucks, and he also coached Little League baseball, becoming a de facto “big brother” to one of the kids on the team. Why should Jon address only his entrepreneurial side in his applications and ignore his empathetic and altruistic treatment of this young baseball player? Why would Jon not reveal his depth and versatility instead, telling both stories and revealing distinct but complementary strengths? We at mbaMission encourage candidates to brainstorm thoroughly and consider each of their stories from as many different perspectives as possible. No one simple formula exists for presenting yourself to the admissions committee. In fact, showing that you are a multitalented and sophisticated individual is incredibly important. After all, admissions committees are looking for the worlds next great business leaders, and the true legends of international business cannot be easily summarized in a mere handful of words. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed

Antigone or Creon as the Tragic Hero in Antigone Essay

A tragic hero is a character in a play that is known for being dignified but has a flaw that assists in his or her downfall. Antigone is a Greek tragic piece written by Sophocles. In the theatrical production the use of power and morality versus law is evident. The promotion to the conflict was that Creon created a law in which enabled Polynieces, Antigone’s brother, to be buried in the proper way. As it is the way of the gods Antigone found it fit to bury her brother causing her to disobey the law of Thebes. Both Antigone and Creon, the main characters, could represent a tragic hero. However Creon is more eligible for being the tragic hero because he fits the definition. Aristotle’s idea of a tragic hero was that the character was of†¦show more content†¦Creon orders the guards to take Antigone away not caring for his sons feelings, since she is his fiancà ©e. Creon feels the law should stand despite the fact that Antigone was his niece or how moral her act w as. Bring her [Antigone] out! Let her die before his eyes... (Scene 3, 130). This quotes shows that Creon took his position as king seriously to the point where in he was willing to sacrifice the feelings of his own son. He was willing to be the cause of sons destruction just to prove that he is the king and always right. I will go... I buried her, I will set her free (scene 5, 102,104). Not only does this quote show leadership but also stubbornness he was risking his relationship with his son to prove that he was the leader of Thebes. Creon says another quote which shows his loyalty to his kingdom, I call to God to witness that if I saw my country headed for ruin, I should not be afraid to speak out plainly, (Sophocles, scene 1,24-26). It shows his strong sense of leadership which catches up with him in the end causing destruction. Tragic heroes have identifiable flaws which cause their destruction. In this situation Creon’s major flaw was that he was self-centered, and never listened he thought he was always right. Haemon points out that Creon needs to stop being narrow-minded and stubborn, ...Not far off when you shall pay back corpse for corpse... (Scene 5, 72-73). Teiresias the fortune teller warns Creon that his inflexible waysShow MoreRelatedCreon Is The Tragic Hero Of Antigone734 Words   |  3 Pagesnothing I havent seen in your griefs and mine†(Antigone 1-8). The Burial at Thebes is a version of Sophocles’ Antigone translated by Seamus Heaney. Antigone is a tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles written around 442 BCE. The civil war is over. After the tragic death of the Oedipus, everyone would take the throne from one year to the next. Creon orders Eteocles to be buried with full honors, while Polynices body is left to rot. Creon says that â€Å"anyone who attempts to bury PolynicesRead MoreCreon: A Tragic Hero in Antigone606 Words   |  2 Pagesqualifications of a tragic hero vary between Aristotle and Shakespeare. Aristotle thinks of a tragic hero as someone who is a noble character by choice and makes his/her own destiny, while Shakespeare sees a tragic hero as someone who is born of nobility and born to be important. Although both tragic heros end in a tragic death that effects many people, not all tragic heros fit perfectly into both categories. In Sophocles’ Antigone, Creon is considered a tragic hero. Creon follows Aristotles definitionRead MoreEssay on Creon As The Tragic Hero In Antigone602 Words   |  3 PagesSophocles’ Antigone is, without a doubt, one of the greatest tragedies ever written. There are many questions that somebody could ask about this work, but this one intrigues me the most: Who is the tragic hero? Could it be Antigone? Or could it be Creon? Antigone might be the name of the tragedy, but I believe t hat Creon is the winning candidate. His role in the plot of this tragedy, his sensible tragic fault, and his dynamic character are the obvious reasons why I chose him as the tragic hero. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;FirstRead More The Tragic Hero: Creon or Antigone? Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagestragedy Antigone, the characters Antigone and Creon can both be thought of as the tragic hero of the play. Though Antigone does show some of these characteristics of a tragic hero, Creon demonstrates the attributes more clearly and concisely. Creon is the King of Thebes, as well as the uncle of Antigone. Creon took the throne after a tragic quarrel between his two nephews, Eteocles and Polyneices. Despite his harsh governing and his crude ideals, he is not good or bad. Creon is the tragic hero of theRead More Creon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone Essay593 Words   |  3 PagesCreon as Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone There has always been a bit of confusion as to the tragic hero of the Greek Drama Antigone. Many assume that simply because the play is named for Antigone, that she is the tragic hero. However, evidence supports that Creon, and not Antigone, is the tragic hero of the play. Examining the factors that create a Greek Tragedy, and a tragic character, it is clear that the tragic hero is in fact Creon. First, take into account the timeframe in whichRead More Creon As Tragic Hero of Sophocles’ Antigone Essay836 Words   |  4 PagesCreon As Tragic Hero of Sophocles’ Antigone Since the play’s inception, there has always existed a contention concerning the true hero of Sophocles’ Antigone. It is a widely held belief that Antigone must be the main character simply because she and the drama share name. This is, of course, a very logical assumption. Certainly Sophocles must have at least meant her to be viewed as the protagonist, else he would not have given her the play’s title. Analytically speaking, however, Creon doesRead MoreEssay on Creon as the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone1326 Words   |  6 PagesCreon as the Tragic Hero in Antigone     Ã‚   This essay will compare two of the characters in â€Å"Antigone†, Antigone and Creon, in an effort to determine the identity of the tragic hero in this tale.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To identify the tragic hero in Sophocles’ renowned play â€Å"Antigone†, we should first consider both the elements present in Greek tragedies and what characteristics define a tragic hero. Aristotle’s definition of tragedy is: â€Å"Tragedy is a story taking the hero from happiness to miseryRead MoreEssay on Creon As The Tragic Hero Of Antigone by Sophocles781 Words   |  4 PagesCreon As The Tragic Hero Of Antigone by Sophocles Greek tragedy would not be complete with out a tragic hero. Sophocles wrote Antigone with a specific character in mind for this part. Based on Aristotle’s definition, Creon is the tragic hero of Antigone. Creon fits Aristotle’s tragic hero traits as a significant person who is faced with difficult decisions. Creon is significant because he is king. This makes him both renowned and prosperous. Creon is not completely good nor completely bad;Read More Creon is the Tragic Hero in Sophocles Antigone Essay627 Words   |  3 Pages Creon is the Tragic Hero of Antigone nbsp; When the title of a play is a characters name, it is normally assumed that the character is the protagonist of the play. In Sophocles Antigone, most people probably believe Antigone to be the tragic heroine, even after they have finished watching the play. It may be argued, however, that Creon, not Antigone, is the tragic character. When we examine the nature and concept of the Greek Tragedy and what it means to be a tragic character, it becomesRead MoreEssay on Creon as the Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone997 Words   |  4 PagesCreon as the Tragic Hero of Sophocles Antigone   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Who is the true tragic hero in Sophocles Antigone?   This question has been the subject of a great debate for numerous years.   Equal arguments exist that portray Antigone as the tragic heroine in the play and Creon as the tragic hero.   Aristotle, in his study of Greek drama entitled Poetics, provided the framework that determines the tragic hero of a work.   Though Antigone definitely possesses the characteristics and qualities that

The Most Vital Period Of Time Is Now - 1498 Words

Definition of Project Martin, McCormack, Fitzsimons, Spirig (2014), support the commonly shared idea that â€Å"a shared vision is a key element in leading organizations and in change† (p. 2). Seagram has begun the process of implementing a shared vision in regard to company-wide values. These values truly do encompass the values of the organization as a whole, as they were selected by not only upper management, but suggested by employees in all levels of leadership. Though a potential solution has been addressed and suggested, it is important that Seagram be held accountable to the lofty goals they have set. These values will be the foundation upon which Seagram will grow for decades to come. However, the most vital period of time is†¦show more content†¦Corporate values have become the structure upon which the employees grow and develop. Companies have adopted this strategy in order to provide a shared vision and shared culture among upper leadership and employ ees alike. Currently, Seagram has begun the process of core value implementation. To date, values have been decided among by both the upper management as well as 300 employees through eight- to ten-person focus groups. The agreed upon values are respect, integrity, teamwork, innovation, and quality. Training has taken place to launch the core values among the top 1,200 leaders. This is training is imperative as Seagram’s leadership will be the driving force behind changing the culture of the organization. If the upper management does not quickly adopt the new culture and begin to embody these five values, the initiative will not be success among the remaining Seagram employees. The end state goal, however, is to ensure the values are not only accepted by each member of the Seagram 1,500, but embraced as the underlying culture of Seagram moving forward. The upcoming changes fall under a beliefs versus behavior category. Employees may express belief in the core values and find agreement with their direct manager that this improvement will be beneficial to Seagram as a whole, but the complete implementation of this strategy is proven by behavior not belief. Behaviors will be measured based on each of the five core values established and employees as well as

Convergence in Internet and Technology - 1284 Words

The CEO of Cisco is actually well informed, as is expected. Convergence is exactly where the Internet is going, but it is also divergence. That is, billions of devices will be constantly connected to the Internet and the Internet will be spread across all of these connected devices. So we will have the stored pages on servers, plus the desktops and the billions of smartphones, laptops and tablets holding the current information available on the Internet at any given time, plus billions more tiny embedded chips communicating with myriads of other chips to control our environments and make life easier. What this means is that we will be living in a hypermedia world, and this will affect every corner of every aspect of our lives. The†¦show more content†¦It is like an ambulance instantly knowing which streets are open and which are blocked or slow, which is not a current reality due to technology and the Internet and the connectivity about which this project is done. Distributed connected isolation is magic. As long as electricity flows somewhere in the world the Internet will never go down. IP6 as a protocol has not been universally adopted yet, but it will be, and by that time many early adopters will have switched to whatever is better and newer. All of this, including the possibly trillions of tiny nodes on line from connected devices will function because Internet routers and packet switchers are now capable of sorting traffic by type and size. So although traffic will increase capacity will increase alongside it (Schwartz 8-8). The world is imagined as totally connected with a monumental network of interactive devices to control everything from our home systems and appliances to parking meters and car systems (App Central.).Tech companies are looking to sell more devices. Other companies want to ride the wave of profit and customers simply want all the new gadgetry to make life easier, or at least more interesting. For business it means that JIT (Just in Time) manufacturing, delivery and supply chain becomes a reality as the devices can communicate and regulate everything without human intervention. New application for all these connected devices will flood the market and people will beShow MoreRelatedMedia Convergence : From Mass For Networked Communication1508 Words   |  7 Pages Media convergence: From mass to networked communication Literature Review Media convergence refers to the services and activities emerged through the development of the Internet, where it has allowed for interlink between communication networks and media contents (ALRC, 2015). The establishment of ‘Internet’ has drastically changed the overall communication model in the society in the past 15 years. Where today the communication model has shifted from a mass communication into a networked communicationRead MoreTechnological Convergence1577 Words   |  7 PagesConvergence is defined as the interlinking of computing and other information technologies, media content, and communication networks that have arisen as a result of the evolution and popularization of the internet as well as the activities, products and services that have emerged in the digital media space. Convergence is loosely defined as the occurrence of two or more things coming together to eventually meet and or in which old and new intersects or builds upon. Although for the con sumer convergenceRead MoreMass Media Influence On American Culture878 Words   |  4 Pagesevolution of Mass Media The new era of technology led to major developments in the evolution of mass media, worldwide. In our society, we originally communicated orally before the Internet and wireless devices existed. Individuals relied on traditional forms of mass media, such as the television, radio, newspapers, and magazines, to attain knowledge of the outside world. Thereafter, the development of new forms mass media evolved, and we were introduced to the Internet and other wireless communicationRead MoreMedia Convergence Worksheet Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Media Convergence Worksheet Write brief 250- to 300-word answers to each of the following: Questions | Answers | What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to technology, and how has it affected everyday life? | The term media convergence with regards to technology means the merging of different content in different media channels. An example of that would be books, newspapers, and magazines can now be found on the Internet using any laptop, smartphoneRead MoreThe Between Mass Media And Digital Media Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesConvergence can be described as devices that can do multiple media forms. Broadly, convergence is the blending of multiple media forms into one platform for purposes of delivering a dynamic experience. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, media convergence can be described as a â€Å"phenomenon involving the interconnection of information and communications technologies, computer networks, and media content. It brings together the â€Å"three C’s†Ã¢â‚¬â€computing, communication, and content—and is a direct consequenceRead MoreT he, Fairy Dust, And The Human Anthill931 Words   |  4 Pageswith the age gap between the audiences his argument is correct. The main idea of his argument is of convergence and how the world is always changing. In the first example, Wolfe uses the American artists in the Japanese museum, the artists were surprised to see that they were considered to be artists from the â€Å"Manual age†, it proved that our world is ever-changing, especially with technology. [H]undreds of young Japanese staring at them from the auditorium seats saw themRead MoreHum 176 Wk 2 Media Convergence Worksheet1041 Words   |  5 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material Media Convergence Worksheet Write brief 250- to 300-word answers to each of the following: Questions Answers What is meant by the term media convergence with regard to technology, and how has it affected everyday life? The term media convergence with regards to technology is defined as a process of combining together the telecommunications and computers and turning them into one electronic or digital form. The media convergence has affected our everyday life asRead MoreHyper Converged Infrastructure For Service Provider1627 Words   |  7 PagesHyper-converged Infrastructure for Service Provider TOC GOES HERE ONCE PAPER COMPLETED About Stratoscale (In the TOC Page) Stratoscale is focused on leveraging technology to help IT teams, within the service provider, make better and more profitable usage of existing infrastructures. Service Provider data center requirements are growing at an ever-increasing pace. In response to this changing and challenging landscape, Stratoscale has built a hardware-agnostic hyper-converged software solution thatRead MoreMass Medi The Spread Of Digital Media Communication1701 Words   |  7 Pageswhere it originated in order to gain a better background understanding. It then goes on to discuss the growing popularity of digital media and how mass media communication still prevails despite the new digital media. In the conclusion it considers convergence and hybridity and other solutions that traditional mass media can take into account in order to persist throughout the digital media era. Mass media is definitive as any means of communication that has the ability to reach mass audiences and transcendRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article Digibabble, Fairy Dust And The Human Anthill 994 Words   |  4 Pages In the essay â€Å"Digibabble, Fairy Dust and the Human Anthill,† Tom Wolfe presents a compelling argument about the way convergence is present in many different forms in our lives.The main idea of his argument is of convergence, which is basically defined as the constant change needed to adapt to one s environment. He manages to connect each aspect of his essay with every idea that he presents, making his argument not only sound but valid as well. Wolfe uses evolution as a visual example of the

Cost Accounting Foundations and Evolutions

Question: Measuring relevant costs and revenues while taking decision on replacement of equipment and outsourcing of work is important. Discuss the same. Answer: What is relevant cost and how is it directly proportionate to the revenues is what all organizations focus at while taking crucial financial decisions. Relevant cost basically points at the amount of cash outflow that will take place to generate the adequate amount of revenue. There are various situations where costs are to be incurred so as to be able to derive forecasted revenues. Two decision making situations such as decision on replacement of an equipment and outsourcing decisions requires detailed brainstorming in relation to the relevant costs to be incurred and how much revenues will such a decision generate. Replacing an equipment is a strategic decision which any organization takes as it effects its ongoing process of manufacture and also replacing a fixed asset involves huge costs of purchase, installation and implementation. These costs have to be incurred after due analysis of the amount of revenues it will generate and how would it help to increase the productivity of the concern by reducing the cost of production. The main aim for replacement of any equipment is basically to ensure that the cost of production reduces significantly so that profits increases and the quality of production can also improve. Further the present machine which is to be replaced also is of significant value (Hafeezm, 2012). The cost that would be incurred in maintaining it if is more than the revenues that the firm generates then the same should be replaced and the cost incurred is considered to be relevant in nature. Further such a cost is considered to e relevant as in this competitive world new methodol ogies of production are always given priority and customers are more attracted towards such organizations who are better equipped and always updated with the latest technology. Also equipments after working for its estimated life will not yield much replacement value. Thus such losses are avoided by selling those old equipments well on time so as to be able to get better resale value of the equipments. Thus decision with regards replacement of an equipment requires the organizations to have a thorough analysis of how would such a replacement affect its costs and revenues. How would it help to increase the productivity of the concern and also increase revenues by adding more customers, reducing the cost of production thus increasing profits and market share simultaneously. Better branding is also possible if the production process is modernized and well equipped. (Drury 2008) Another very important decision that affects the cost-revenue model for any concern is the make or buy decision. This is one such area which requires brain racking at a micro level. The costs to be incurred while producing a product indigenously or buying it from other manufacturers is a crucial decision as the revenue generation will vary depending upon the decision taken. Its not possible for any organization to produce all its raw materials internally and so they will have to outsource some part of it (Kinney, Raiborn, 2009). If producing a product would cost virtually the same if produced within the organization then it is always better to outsource the product so that the organization can then focus on producing or generating those products which are design specific and cannot be outsourced. Such type of cost is relevant as it helps to reduce the burden of the organization to a great extent. The top management can then deploy there human capital somewhere else and derive maximu m revenues from the costs they have incurred(Boyd, 2015). Further if a comparative analysis is done for producing or outsourcing of a product which can be outsourced easily, one will notice that then the costs incurred for its production is irrelevant and avoidable. The company can negotiate better with the outsourcing agencies and save on time as well as human capital costs. Further the revenues will be generated faster also as the other company is required to supply goods on time and if not the company is liable to claim compensation also which it would not be able to do in case of in house production. Further if in future the said product is not required it can easily stop the purchase from the market but the same would not be possible in case of in house production (Simplestudies.com, 2015). Thus a decision regarding incurring of the costs with regards procurement of goods should be taken only after a detailed cost analysis is done between buy versus make costs. As these would affect the revenues also. The costs are relevant only if it enables to generate adequate amount of revenues as desired. Therefore what cost is relevant and how much revenue would it help to generate is a decision to be taken after considering all the pros and cons. Replacement of an equipment should be done taking into consideration the replacement costs, the technological advancements and how would it enable to increase the revenues of the organization. Thus all decisions come with their own pros and cons which should be studied in detail and weighed accordingly before arriving at a decision. References: Boyd, K., 2015, To Outsource or Not to Outsource : a Cost Accounting Decision, Cost accounting for Dummies, viewed on 19th July 2016, https://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/to-outsource-or-not-to-outsource-a-cost-accounting.html Drury, C., 2008, Management and cost accounting, Pat Bond: Italy Simplestudies.com, 2015, Make or Buy Decisions, viewed on 19th July 2016, https://simplestudies.com/make-or-buy-decisions.html Hafeezm, 2012, Managerial Accounting Decision Making : Relevant Costs and Benefits , viewed on 19th July 2016, https://hubpages.com/education/Managerial-Accounting-Decision-Making-Relevant-Costs-Benefits Kinney, M.R., Raiborn, C.A., 2009, Cost Accounting : Foundations and Evolutions, Thomson: Sputh Western

Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence Essay Example

Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence Essay David experiences a dream like state as he believes the fantasies that are being created for him. David is strongly motivated by his id, which is driven by his own pleasures and desires. Teddy, his robotic bear, is guided by his ego that is responsible for dealing with reality. The ego ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in an acceptable manner in the real world. Also, Frauds theory of Oedipal complex is present in the relationship between David and his mother, ultimately suggesting that David has repressed sexual desires for her. Furthermore, symbolism Is present throughout the movie as Frauds belief of hidden wishes as well as desires Is shown through imagery and representation of certain characters. In Artificial Intelligence, the idea of rational logic is in conflict with the idea of an alternate reality as David believes it is possible for his non-biological mother to love IM back some day. Freud establishes a common element in fantasies: the human desire to alter the existing and often unsatisfactory or unpleasant world of reality. David is ultimately motivated by his id as it acts as a course of aggression and desire for him. David meets the protocol robot of himself, the robot claims his name is David. He suddenly feels irritated and threatened by the robot as he quotes cant have her. Shes mine. I am the only one! More drastically, David then picks up the lamp sitting on the desk and rapidly hits the other robot and yells over and over l AM DAVID! until he destroys the robot. We will write a custom essay sample on Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Freud analysis on Artificial Intelligence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This helps highlight the idea that Davits old has controlled his mind and actions leading him to become an aggressive character. Willing to stop at nothing to gain his mothers love, David is willing to do anything in order to fulfill his fantasy of becoming human. Ultimately, a dreamlike state is formed as David creates a story in order to satisfy his own pleasures and desires. Furthermore, one could argue that his intentions were more sinister than simply destroying the robot. In order to reach his mother, and satisfy his own needs as well s desires, David may ultimately have had darker intentions in mind. According to Freud, unlike the d, the ego demonstrates a representation of reason and common sense. Its mall concern Is with the Individuals safety and allows some of the Ids desires to be expressed, but only when consequences of these actions are marginal. Teddy, Davis bear, Is guided by his ego to make rational decisions to help protect David. For example, when Martin challenges David to eat food at the dinner grads s arm Ana quotes You wall Drear warning David harm himself if he eats the food. Furthermore, Teddy appears to be a rational figure that cares for the ids safety and overall well-being. Overall, Teddys ego allows him to have a rational sense of Judgment, tolerance, synthesis of information and also an excellent memory. The egos function of intellect is shown in Teddy as David asks him for information and explanation of things throughout the movie. Also, Teddys high level of tolerance guided by his ego is proven to be true regardless of all of Davits poor actions. Despite Davits unrealistic desire, Teddy still remains by his side ill the end. Furthermore, Teddys ego guides him to take the demands and reality of the outside world into account in addition to the ids basic needs and urges. Another idea Freud proposes is the Oedipal complex. The Oedipal complex can be described as the sexual desire a young boy may have for his mother. Often times they contain hatred towards their father as there is considered to be a rivalry. The Oedipal complex is present between David and his mother as shown several times throughout the movie. Although it may not be clearly visible for the audience, there re several signs suggesting that David has a sexual desire for her. Also, a sense of jealously is present towards his father as David sees him hugging his mother while in the bedroom. During this scene, he was silently standing by the doorway watching them both. As his father leaves the bedroom, David approaches him by the name of Henry. This scene suggests that David contains no love for his adoptive father but instead views him as a threat. It is evident throughout the movie that David resents Henry such as when David picks up Henrys phone call. He shows his mother that he s not only able to answer calls but project peoples voices as well. In a sense, David was mocking his father as he mouthed the words his father was saying throughout the phone call. During this act, David resists giving his mother the phone since he doesnt want them to communicate with one another. As the movie progresses, it is apparent that David wants his mother all to himself and that the love David has for his mother is more of a sexual desire. Furthermore, in the last scene of the movie, he brings his mother back to life. In this scene, the narrator quotes David thought it was he happiest day of his life, all the problems seemed to have disappeared from his mommys mind, there was no Henry, no Marty, no grief, it was only David. The sense of rivalry is clearly shown throughout this quote as well as his everlasting sexual love for his mother. The sexual context of Davits love for his mother is clearly demonstrated when David makes coffee for his mother, tucks her in bed and lastly sleeps beside her while holding her hand. All of which are common actions that a husband would do for his wife. In summary, the Oedipal complex is the hidden drive that influences David. Davits actions and behavior are solely based on his sexual desire for his mother and hatred towards his father. Freud describes symbolism as representation of repressed, mainly sexual objects of desire by non-sexual objects that resemble them or are associated with them. The scene, winner David Ana Nils mother are lying In ten cellular snap Deck, tons Dead can be interpreted in several different means. Looking from a sexual perspective, the bed can represent the female genitalia. The shape of the bed can be compared to the female sexual organ as since they have similar appearance to one another. One may include that since David is lying in this bed, which represents his mothers female genitalia, it may symbolize intercourse. The secretly desired intercourse David wishes to have with his mother. Another interpretation the concave shaped bed may have is resemblance to his mothers womb. As David is lying in the bed in this case, it may suggest David is inside of her womb. It can symbolize the desire for David to truly be human so that his mother will love him. Ironically, this desire is not capable to being a reality because David was not conceived by his mother, but rather built by man to be a robot. Overall, there are several ways to interpret the concave shaped bed as symbolism can be derived from myriad meanings. Psychoanalytical criticism not only shows peoples unconscious desires but helps analyze their motivations as well. Freud believed that the motive forces of fantasies are unsatisfied wishes, and every single fantasy is the fulfillment of a wish, a correlation of unsatisfying reality. Throughout the movie David acts upon his unconscious desires and is capable to give in into his own sense of pleasure. David was able to convince himself that there was an alternate reality where he would come human and his mother would love him, a situation that he derived pleasure from. Furthermore, Teddy has shown the characteristics of the ego as he has acted as a rational figure and helped protect David on their Journey to satisfy this unrealistic dream of Davits. Freud also has proven that a young boy can have sexual desires for his mother. That this young boy is David, aggressively wanting his mothers love to fulfill his sexual desire for her. Lastly, Frauds idea of symbolism has shown that imagery can have more than one meaning and often times the meaning behind them relates to sexuality.

Describe law and order in London in the late nineteeth essays

Describe law and order in London in the late nineteeth essays The police solved crimes by relighing very heavily on a huge network of information who roamed the dark streets of the east of London also they did door to door knocking and asking residents for answers, their was careful searches and enquiries which revealed very little because their were no real whitnesses to the Ripper attacks. The police had a tough image as they didn't carry weapons on the streets, when the police was scared they were eager to resort to the army. Capital punishment was meant to stop deter criminals. (The threat of capital punishment or transportation). The number of crimes punishable by death had reduced from the early nineteenth century of about 223 crimes to 50 by the end of the century because it was clear that these punishments didn't work. The polices reputation was not respected because in investigations the police showed force and made no nonsence approaches and were very tough mainly only the unruly poor e.g. in 1887 a mass riot of the unemployed in Trafalger squarem, which sir Charles Warren suppresses through military force. The police investigations on crimes derived from the politics. Corruption had been uncovered in the higher areas of the CID. The met police were regarded as an increasingly militaristic force as the press had supported the forces and law and order in cracking down mainly in the unruly poor then began to support the working classes. Societys problems was that there was too much alcoholism in the streets and alot of thefts and alot of pick pocketing, other society problems was that there was over 1,200 prostetudes in the streets and in doss houses so the crime rates had been rising. Crime is rife because there is so much unimployment and it is increasing so it means that people need the money and the only way of getting money is to steal from people and places. Crime is also rife because the streets were like mazes and dark also very crouded, their was dirty side streets and a...

Battle in the History of the Printed Word Essay

Battle in the History of the Printed Word - Essay Example word as a principal vehicle of knowledge and thought, and that without censorship, printed word could be a possible vehicle for subversive political views that can overthrow the government (eds. Darnton and Roche p.3-5). The eighteenth century view of censorship versus free press is different from the current perspective on the said issue. During the Enlightenment era, the promotion of a liberal worldview has been the point of struggle of the people. Old Regime France has controlled the press in the hopes of controlling the perspective of the people on the current governing body. The state was frequently challenged by the people concerning the way they govern and manage the nation. Because of this, the state has established laws of censorship. This was to prevent further uprising and to prevent people from gathering ideas that will eventually bring the end of the absolutist state. This censorship has split the publication world into two, those that adhered to the laws set by the state and those that opposed censorship and went into underground publication. The state was able to put in place censorship laws. Before any material was published, it will undergo an inspection and if the state saw that it may contain subversive ideas, then it will be edited or not published at all. The government has not perfected the system, though, and people found ways around it. Underground published materials circulated throughout France, reaching even more supporters of free press. While the inspectors worked hard in tracking down and preventing seditious material from being circulated, the booksellers pushed to expand their businesses capitalizing on the Enlightenment ideas that have been spreading like wildfire throughout France (Roche p.5). Recent studies of the Enlightenment Period traces the controversial censorship of the Old Regime France. This is to gain a full understanding of the various reasons, influences and impacts of the said issue on the French people, and

News Production - Audience Imagined and Its Consequences Essay

News Production - Audience Imagined and Its Consequences - Essay Example News today not only reaches the local audience but also global audience. Globalisation has made the world a small place and the effects of an incident in one part of the world are felt in other parts of the world. News production is today a global phenomenon and the process of how the news is gathered and showcased to the audience has undergone a complete transformation. The important aspect of news production is the way the audience are imagined by the journalists or the news companies. Even though, technology has made it possible to have a more interactive news production process, that hasn’t been the case. There are various reasons why the technology hasn’t been used to best effect to improve the overall news production processs. This paper discusses how the audience are imagined in news production and what its consequences are. In order to do so, first how the perception of the audience has changed over the years or stages of the journalism-audience relationship is addressed. News Productions – Imagined Audience There has been a fundamental transformation in the understanding of the audience by journalists. The professional or traditional view of audience is in complete contrast to the modern view of the audience. The advent of the web has increased the responsiveness of the audience to the news and this has now been incorporated into the DNA of news production. The traditional approach was that the desires and wants of the audience were not of much important and the journalists decided what news the audience needed to know. It was the journalists and the management at the news companies that decided what stories that need to be told to the audience. There was very less interaction and also very less the journalists and companies could do to understand their audience. But with this new level of audience responsiveness, which is made possible by the web, the journalists have better tools to understand their audience and their preferences . But the main question remains whether they have used to best effect. This has impacted the way the audience is imagined during the news production. It is claimed that the web has now lead to audience responsiveness in news production which was earlier audience ignorance. That is, the real audience perception was completely ignored in traditional approach. Now the audience responsiveness has bought in a certain reality into how the audience are imagined in news production. But this is most often limited news channels on the internet. The press and the television news channels haven’t completely utilised this. The audience have been imagined differently during different stages in the last century and this century. The professional view in the last century was that the journalists had very little understanding of their audience. As Ettema & Whitney (1994) state that there was an industrial construction of audience. Industrial construction is the way people who create material (for news companies, agencies, etc) think of the people on the receiving end of their material (Turow, 2005). This had serious consequences or implications on the news that the audience would get. Audience would get material that was not contained of the actual facts but was a perception of journalist about the facts. That is, the audience were fed with news that the journalists thought was right. This was the case most of the times. Gans (2004) in his study makes a very

Inanna vs. Oedipus Rex Essay Example for Free

Inanna vs. Oedipus Rex Essay She wondered: How long will it be until I have a shinning throne to sit upon? How long will it be until I have a shinning bed to lie upon? The huluppu-tree is a metaphor of Inanna herself. The trees growth symbolizes Inannas growth in her own life. When she mentions that she wants to make a thrown and bed for herself, she is foreshadowing her destiny of becoming a queen. This was her first test in becoming a leader. A leader needs to know how to be responsible for something or someone. They need to show that they care and can put forth tremendous effort toward what is important. In many instances through out the story, Inanna showed responsibility and maturity, but this was her first sight of it. After a couple years of waiting for the bark to split so that she can build her thrown and bed, A serpent who could not be charmed made its nest in the roots of the huluppu-tree. The Anzu-bird set his young in the branches of the tree. And the dark maid Lilith built her home in the trunk. (Pg. 6;Lines 1-4) The three things that built their home in the tree was the next test that he needed to overcome so that she can start her life in becoming a woman. When these struggles started in her life, she knew that she couldnt do it alone, so she asked for help. She first asked her brother Utu, The Sun God. He would not help her. So she then asked her other brother, Gilgamesh who agreed to help. He put on his armor and grabbed his bronze ax and entered Inannas holy garden. He struck the serpent and then the Anzubirds flew away. Finally the Lilth smashed her home and fled. Gilgamash then carved a throne and bed for Inanna using the tree trunk. This portrays a strong leadership quality in Inanna, which is openness. A leader needs to be able to listen to new ideas, even if they do not conform to the usual way of thinking. They need to be able to know that sometimes they might not be right, and have to listen to someone else. Inanna knew she couldnt do it on her own, and she needed help. Asking for help was a learning step for her in maturing her leadership qualities. Oedipus showed different leadership qualities as Inanna, which were determination and integrity. When the plague hit the town the second time, Oedipus as determined to end it. Just as he did when he first entered the town and solved the riddle. He sent many men out to find who killed the king and promised the town that he would find this man and end the plague. Ironically, who he was looking for was himself. He was the murderer of the king and the husband of his mother. When his guilt, no longer see those they should never seen, nor see, unseeing, those he had longed to see, henceforth seeing nothing but night To this wild tune he pierced his eyeballs time and tie again, till bloody tears ran down his beard. (Pg. 1 ;Lines 7-12) Oedipus was a very strong leader. He put an exceptional amount of effort and responsibility towards the people of the city. He was determined to end the plague for his people of Thebes. When he found out that he was the man he was looking for, he punished himself. Instead of killing himself, he pierced his eyes out so he has to live the rest of his life knowing that all of his answers were right in front of him, but he couldnt see it. This is why he was a great leader. He had the most power in the whole city and could have easily accused someone else. Yet he punishes himself Just as would if it was another man. This shows a great amount of integrity. He never veered from his inner values, even when it was expeditious to do so. I think that Inanna has better leadership skills than Oedipus because she is more experienced. Oedipus has natural leadership qualities. Inanna was tested throughout her life, which made her a stronger leader. The one part of her life that made her a better leader than Oedipus was when she decented herself to the underworld. My Lady abandoned heaven and earth to decened to the underworld. Inanna abandoned heaven and earth to decened to the underworld. She abandoned her office of holy priestess to decened to the underworld. (pg. 52;Lines 4-6) This shows great leadership qualities. She was striving so much to be great, she never experienced the difficulties of life. So she descended herself so that she can experience the other side of life. This was the biggest step into making her the leader that she was. Oedipus is nothing like Inanna in the sense of leadership. Through out the story of Inanna, she works to achieve royality, experience both sides of life and doesnt help nyone but herself on the way..

Essay --

When the Europeans discovered the New World, endless conflicts and issues were placed against the Indians who originally resided there. Their lands in America were taken away little by little by the settlers who were hungry for more territory. Their cultures were drastically changed and ruined because of the invading settlers who kept coming from different parts of the world. The first encounter between the Indians and Europeans was during the expedition led by the Spanish explorer, Hernando de Soto. He captured a majority of them and used them as slaves. The natives were abused and harassed because they were depicted as savages. On account of this harassment, the Europeans also brought deadly diseases that spread through the natives’ villages, decreasing Indian population. Proclamation of 1763 The French and Indian War also called the Seven Years’ War concluded with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. The British victory led to the loss of land of not only the French but to the Native Americans as well. Conflicts arose between the British and the Native Americans over the fight...

CASE STUDY ON STRATEGIES OF SALES AND MARKETING FOR BUDGET HOTELS Essay

Sales & Marketing department of any hotel is the lifeline of the hotel. It is the department which ensures that the hotel stays in the news (for positive activities), has near 100% occupancy at rates which add to the bottom line of the hotel Balance Sheet. In a nutshell, Sales & Marketing department is responsible for bringing the business to the respective hotel by way of – Occupancy Number of Rooms. Seminars & Exhibitions. Other events so as to ensure that Business centre of the hotel are also a profit venture. SALES & MARKETING department has 3 distinct functions: 1. Public Relations 2. Event Management & its promotions 3. Room Occupancy- Business group Budget hotels offer low cost business hotel rooms for budget travel. The low price hotels offering leisure to budgeted travelers. For a memorable and unbeatable luxury hotel experience, Budget Hotels are the right choice for low price accommodation travelers . Budget Hotels Offer Low cost hotel rooms of the art amenities for international visitors like Luxury Ac Rooms, CCTV, Fridge, 24 hrs Room Service, Travel desk & Safe deposit, India Travel Packages etc. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Kotler â€Å"Marketing is a social and management process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating offering, and exchanging products of value with other’s. (Kotler, Philip, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation & Control, 7th ed. 1996) In the Mind of the strategist Kenichi Ohmae defines marketing strategy â€Å"as an endeavor by a corporation to differentiate itself positively from its competitors using is relative corporate strengths to better satisfy customers needs, in a given environment setting (Khurana and Ravichandran, Strategic Marketing Management: Concepts & Class 1995). Or in other words, marketing strategy is a set plans or actions that attempts to satisfy the customer’s expectations by the use of organization’s strengths so as to strength the firm’s position in the competitive environment and leads to overall profitability and growth. Key Terms (Reich Allen Z. 1997) Strategy: Strategy refers to the plan for achieving a goal or objective. Webster’s definition for strategy (a noun) is: 1) The science of planning and directing and directing large-scale military operations, specifically (as distinguished from tactics), of maneuvering forces into the most advantageous position prior to actual engagement with the enemy; 2) Skill in managing or planning, especially by using strategy (a plan for deceiving an enemy). (Rich Allen Z. 1997) 3) Another definition of strategy is:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"something an organization or uses in order to ‘win’ or establish its ‘legitimacy’ in a world of competitive rivalry and numerous challenges to managerial autonomy†. Rumelt’s (1979) definition stressed that strategy was what a firm used â€Å"to create and maintain an ‘asymmetric’ advantage in its product markets† (cited in Thomas, 1993, p.3) Miles and Snow (1978) and Mintzberg (1978) agreed with the widely he ld view that â€Å"strategy reflects a pattern in a stream of conscious managerial decisions, aimed at ensuring organizational adaptation.† (Reich Allen Z. 1997) OBJECTIVE The Aim of this study is to understand who the function of Sales & Marketing in Budget Hotel. . Selling objectives and strategy.  Overview of the Sales division in terms of type, location, hierarchy and functions. Key objections faced by the sales personnel and the proposed solutions, Formation of sales budgets and sales forecasting. Reporting Format and Frequency. Size of the sales force. Sales Budgets. Factors taken into account while assigning quota and territories. METHODOLOGY {Explanatory} PRIMARY DATA: Questionnaire, Research, Survey Method, Interview. SECONDARY DATA: Internet, Relevant Magazines, Relevant Books, Journals, Newspapers, Periodicals. LIMITATIONS Difficulties in collecting of first hand data. It’s difficult to access the supervisory data. Constraints of time. Financial problem. Lack of co-operation between the researcher and the data giver. BUDGET HOTEL Roots Corporation Limited (RCL) is a subsidiary of The Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL). Incorporated on December 24, 2003, RCL operates the first-of-its-kind category of Smart Basics hotel chain across the country. IHCL operates Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces, one of South Asia’s largest and finest group of hotels. The company was incorporated on 1902 by the founder of the Tata Group, Mr. Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and opened India’s first luxury hotel, The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai in 1903. Launched in June 2004, the Smart Basics concept created a revolution in the world of Indian hospitality. A GenNext category of hotels, they signify simplicity, convenience, informality, style, warmth, modernity and affordability. The concept was developed in association with renowned corporate strategy thinker, Dr. C. K. Prahalad, and the hotels have been indigenously designed and developed by IHCL. The first of the Smart Basics hotel was launched in Bangalore and was called IndiOne. Having completed the test marketing of the concept and subsequent fine-tuning of the hotel facilities and services, the Smart Basics concept is now ready to roll out  across India. These hotels have been launched with a new name – Ginger Hotels – in sync with the fresh, simple-yet-stylish and warm world of Smart Basics. The Ginger Hotels are built around a unique concept that provides facilities to meet the key needs of today’s traveler, at surprisingly affordable rates. They have created a new category in the domestic hospitality landscape, while giving a major fillip to Indian tourism and other ancillary industries. The primary objective behind the launch of these hotels is to provide a superior product offering and consistent experience to travelers, beyond the present offerings in the industry. CONCEPT OF LOW BUDGET HOTELS IN INDIA. The budget hotels in India are recognized for their impeccable facilities and services that ensure a satisfying tour. The hotels are dotted all over the important tourist destinations since there are many budget travelers all over the world looking for cost effective accommodation. The tourists are going to benefit a lot from the budget Indian hotels that have tastefully appointed rooms and provide customer centric services to the travelers during their tour to India. The impressive packages are designed keeping in mind the taste, preference and likings of the tourists and are reasonably priced so as to make it reachable even to the common man. The budget hotels are well-acclaimed for their services and facilities that are always directed towards satisfying the needs of the guests. The hotels are professionally managed and feature neat and clean guestrooms that are tastefully furnished with the most modern facilities and room amenities. Budget travel in India is becoming increasingly popular and all the four major metropolitans of India are visited by large number of tourists each year. Thus to cater to their accommodation options, a large number of fine accommodations have come up that ensure an exclusive stay to the tourists. Though available at low cost tariffs, the budget hotels in India also cater to the corporate needs of the guests who drop in to India for the purpose of business. SCOPE OF LOW BUDGET HOTELS IN INDIA India, a land of diverse cultures and myriad tourist attractions, is visited by millions of tourists every year. The country is emerging as one of the fabulous tourist destinations of the world. Budget Hotels in India welcomes you for a comfortable stay in any place of India during your tour. Whether you’re in India for a pleasure trip or on business, you’re sure to find a hotel that suits your preferences. Smart Basics is much more than a catchy phrase. It is a philosophy of providing intelligent, thought-out facilities and services at a ‘value’ pricing. Smart Basics reflects the new spirit in which people live and work today. The emerging lifestyle which is visible in the degree to which individuals have taken control of their various activities viz. the use of email instead of letters as also the use of mobile phones, conference calls and video conferences to get things done quickly and efficiently. Essentially, Smart Basics signifies simplicity, convenience, informality, style, warmth, modernity and affordability. Simplicity and convenience in ease of doing business (awareness, booking channels, payment gateways); informality, style, warmth and modernity in its approach to product design, service philosophy and affordability in pricing. Customer-driven excellence: We anticipate expectations and delight our patrons with convenient and modern facilities at an unsurpassed value Entrepreneurship: We strive to take ownership of the tasks we perform and to create an environment that encourages and supports initiative and appropriate risk-taking Innovation: We believe that making meaningful changes to improve products, services and processes to create value for all stakeholders is an integral part of the daily work of the organization Valuing employees, partners and communities: We believe in nurturing and developing internal and external partnerships, balancing the growth of the core business while preserving natural resources and contributing to society Speed and agility: We deliver on promises with a sense of urgency and short response time Fun, joy and zing: We believe that a happy employee leads to a delighted guest TYPE OF SERVICES AND HOSPITALITY PROVIDED BY THESE HOTELS. Food and Beverage options Our hotels have a myriad of options when it comes to dining. We believe in giving you the best value in dining, as with everything else. The Square Meal: Open for breakfast, lunch, dinner and snacks 20†³ Large screen TV WorldSpace radio Dial-a-meal Order from a selection of menus from local restaurants and enjoy the meal at our resturant,collect the food at the Give ‘n’ Take counter Smart Basics Facilities and Services Ginger hotels have intelligently designed facilities and services, conceived with convenience and comfort in mind. Some of our features include: The Square Meal : The Multi-Cuisine restaurant for a wholesome breakfast, lunch or dinner Net Zone: For high speed internet connectivity Conference Room (seats 80-100 people) or Meeting room (seats 8-10 people) Laundry facility: Express delivery (same day delivery): Give your clothes by 9.30 am and get them back on the same day. Gymnasium: Equipped with treadmill, exercycle and weights, air power bike, dumbbells, dual action poles with stepper, wrist curler, doorway chinning bar and punching bag, yoga mat On-site ATM: From a selected set of approved/empanneled banks Secure parking: 24*7 security on-site: monitoring by CC TV Doctor on call Smart Basics , Smart prices We have a totally transparent pricing policy, with no hidden costs and additional levies. We believe in giving you true value for your money. Smart Planet — An eco initiative At Ginger Hotels, our values give special emphasis on environmental and ecological issues. We constantly work towards building a better and sustainable way of living by providing facilities to our customers without compromising on the environment. The steps taken by us speak volumes of the measures that have been taken to create a safer environment for the future. Smart Sleep A good night’s sleep is very important as it renews the mind and rejuvenates the body. At Ginger, we understand the importance of a good night’s rest and strive to make our guests incredibly comfortable. We offer state-of-the-art posturepedic mattresses, which provide adequate support, thus ensuring a good slumber. Our special mattresses help in: Providing advanced pressure point relief Absorbing and redistributing pressure from your body weight Delivering the correct orthopaedic support Sensing body motion and responding with increased support Reducing tossing and turning These mattresses are complimented with duvets that offer softness and comfort to enhance the sleeping experience. Our exciting new range of beautiful bed linen, our comfortable pillows, and sumptuous duvets add to your convenience and comfort. So, don’t forget to sleep smart the next time you are in Ginger Pune. *Smart Sleep is currently available in Ginger Pune. Smart Space Rooms At Ginger, we believe in the luxury of simplicity. Our Smart Space rooms are designed with comfort and practicality in mind. You can choose from: Single Rooms: Ideal for the lone traveller, yet does not compromise on any of the conveniences of the other rooms Twin Rooms: Separate beds for those who travel together Double Rooms: A queen-size bed for your comfort Family Rooms: Perfect for a family of four (at Delhi and Durg only) Special Room to look after the special needs of the physically challenged Our rooms are packed with features, to make your stay a memorable experience. You can find the following amenities: Electronic locks on doors 17-inch wall-mounted flat-screen TV 24-hour cable TV with all major channels Internet connectivity: Wi-fi Mini-fridge Tea / coffee maker with complementary sachets of Tea/Coffee STD and local direct dial, voice mail and self programmed alarm on phone Full-length mirror Ergonomic work area Wardrobe and luggage rack Self controlled AC Bottled water, Posturepedic mattress, Duvets Every room has an attached bathroom with the following facilities: 24-hour running hot and cold water Branded toiletries: Body & hair wash, and hand wash Shower area Bath and hand towels Safe Zone At Ginger, we realise the importance of safety. Our hotels designed for total security and has security features like: 24-hour security Close-circuit TV maintains records of all areas and visitors Swipe card locks that offer the latest in security Digital safes located at the Give ‘n’ Take counter at the lobby GINGER HOTELS IN INDIA. Ginger Mysore provides DOT (Department of Tourism) approved three-star facilities including all the special features of Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ such as Smart spaceâ„ ¢, Safe zoneâ„ ¢, gymnasium, meeting room, self check-in kiosk and is geared to make your stay comfortable and pleasant. Ginger offers clean, well-furnished and aesthetically designed accommodation equipped with amenities like mini-fridge, LCD TV, self-controlled A/c, tea and coffee maker and a telephone. COMPANY BACKGRAOUND AT HOTELS Roots Corporation profile Roots Corporation Limited (RCL) is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Indian Hotels Company Limited (IHCL). Incorporated on December 24, 2003, RCL operates the first-of-its-kind category of Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ hotels across the country. IHCL operates Taj Hotels, Resorts and Palaces, one of South Asia’s largest and finest group of hotels. The company was incorporated on 1902 by the founder of the Tata Group, Mr. Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata and opened India’s first luxury hotel, The Taj Mahal Palace Hotel, Mumbai in 1903. Launched in June 2004, the Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ concept created a revolution in the world of Indian hospitality. A GenNext category of hotels, they signify simplicity, convenience, informality, style, warmth, modernity and affordability. The concept was developed in association with renowned corporate strategy thinker, Dr C. K. Prahalad, and the hotels have been indigenously designed and developed by IHCL. The first of the Smart Basicsâ„ ¢ hotel was launch ed in Bangalore and was called indiOne. Having completed the test marketing of the concept and subsequent fine-tuning of the hotel facilities and services, the Smart Basics concept is now ready to roll out  across India. These hotels have been launched with a new name – Ginger hotels – in sync with the fresh, simple-yet-stylish and warm world of Smart Basicsâ„ ¢. The Ginger hotels are built around a unique concept that provides facilities to meet the key needs of today’s traveller, at surprisingly affordable rates. They have created a new category in the domestic hospitality landscape, while giving a major fillip to Indian tourism and other ancillary industries. The primary objective behind the launch of these hotels is to provide a superior product offering and consistent experience to travellers, beyond the present offerings in the industry. Contact Roots Corporation Limited Ginger Corporate Office Godrej & Boyce Complex Gate no. 8, plant no. 13 office building Vikhroli (E) Mumbai 400079 Phone: +91-22-6777 3366 Fax: +91-22-6777 3377 For reservations and enquiries Call national toll-free number 1800 220 022 or call our reservation network +91-22-66014634 Email: reservations@gingerhotels.com Value added services Taxi and traveller’s van service Doctor on call Check-in, check-out 12 noon SELF CHECK IN Save time and fuss with Ginger’s unique self check-in facility, which allows you to help yourself in without any assistance from the Front Office. The automated check-in kiosk, powered by Astrolifeâ„ ¢, has been introduced in India for the first time and our guests love it. SAFE ZONE Keep your valuables safe and secure in the state-of-the-art security systems Ginger has installed for you. All rooms have electronic tamper-proof locks. You also have the option of using the digital safes at the Give ‘n’ Takeâ„ ¢ counter, at a very nominal charge. GIVE N TAKE Keep your valuables safe and secure in the state-of-the-art security systems Ginger has installed for you. All rooms have electronic tamper-proof locks. You also have the option of using the digital safes at the Give ‘n’ Takeâ„ ¢ counter, at a very nominal charge. GYMNASIUM At Ginger, we realise the importance of   exercise as a stress buster and as part of a healthy lifestyle. All our hotels have well-equipped gymnasiums with treadmills, exercycles, boxing bags, weights, etc. Please help yourselves! MEETING ROOM Conduct your meetings and presentations at Ginger’s capacious conference rooms. Our meeting rooms seat about 8-10 people with boardroom style seating, wi-fi connectivity and audio-visual equipment. You need to inform us in advance if you wish to hire a conference room. NET ZONE Stay connected to your favourite sites in cyberspace with our high-speed internet connection at Net Zone. For those who want to avail of wi-fi connectivity, we offer wi-fi cards on sale at the reception. CURRENCY EXCHANGE Ginger hotels have a currency exchange facility where all major currencies and traveller’s cheques can be exchanged. WATER DESPENSER Quench your thirst with the complimentary bottle of mineral water in the minifridge in your room and, when you need a refill, just walk down to the water dispenser on your floor. VENDING MACHINES Vending machines have been installed at all Ginger locations. These machines are equipped with an array of products ranging from juices to toiletries. This 24-hour service will save you the trouble of stepping out of the hotel for a purchase. VISION & MISSION VISION Ginger is a fresh and warm experience, of an unsurpassed value. MISSION We provide smart, clean and safe hospitality offerings by adopting next-practices that constantly enhance value for our patrons. We are driven by respect for people and nature and passion for our stakeholders. VALUES Customer-driven excellence: We anticipate expectations and delight our patrons with convenient and modern facilities at an unsurpassed value. Entrepreneurship: We strive to take ownership of the tasks we perform and to create an environment that encourages and supports initiative and appropriate risk-taking. Innovation: We believe that making meaningful changes to improve products, services and processes to create value for all stakeholders is an integral part of the daily work of the organization. Valuing employees, partners and communities: We believe in nurturing and developing internal and external partnerships, balancing the growth of the core business while preserving natural resources and contributing to society. Speed and agility: We deliver on promises with a sense of urgency and short response time. Fun, joy and zing: We believe that a happy employee leads to a delighted guest. 11 HOTELS Situated on the airport road, Ginger Agartala provides easy accessibility to every part of the city. Located close to the International Tech Park in Bangalore, Ginger Bangalore is ideal for the business traveller. Stay at Ginger Bhubhaneshwar in the heart of the city, within easy distance of all important cultural and business areas. Conveniently located close to the City Centre, Ginger Durgapur is in the residential part of town. Situated close to Har-ki-pauri in   Haridwar, Ginger Haridwar is the first choice of pilgrims to the holy city. Nestled in the peaceful environs of the Vasanth Mahal road, Ginger Mysore is close to both the business and tourist centres. Located centrally in Satpur MIDC, Ginger Nashik is easily accessible from the bus stand, railway station and airport. Located in the French colony at Oulgaret Municipality, Ginger Puducherry is near to the airport. The Ginger hotel in Pune is in the Pimpri Chinchwad region, the industrial hub of the city. In Thiruvananthapuram, Ginger is located inside the sprawling Technopark campus. Conveniently located at Fatehgunj camp road, Ginger Vadodara is just 3km from the airport. COMPONENTS OF MARKETING SYSTEM In developing a marketing plan for a hotel, each of the following components, known as the 6 P’s of marketing system, are to be considered. 1. People 2. Product 3. Price 4. Promotion 5. Package 6. Performance 1. People ž Who are the present and potential customers? ž Where are they? ž What are their needs, desires and constraints? 2. Product ž What are the existing or planned facilities and services? ž How closely do they match? ž Do they address correctly what the guests want and desire? 3. Price Consider the hotels’ need to operate at a profit while offering products and services which are competitive not only with other comparable hotel facilities, but with other products such as vacations abroad, second homes, camping and the suchlike. 4. Promotion ž Utilize all appropriate communication media and merchandising tools ž Attract the attention of prospects ž See that the product and price are right 5. Performance Living up to what has been promised in every respect in order to maximize the guests’ length of stay, amount of spending, and loyalty, so that the guest becomes a repeat customer and the hotel’s ambassador of goodwill. 6. Package ž Comprises of incentives, including discounts and loyalty programs ž Attractive set of offers put together at what the customer perceives as a reasonable price ž Offers a good experience and value for money MARKETING MIX The three elements of marketing plans are as under. 1. Customer or Prospect Mix ž Who are the present customers? ž Who are the desired customers? 2. Service Mix ž What needs and wants of each group are now being met? ž What needs and wants of each group should be met in the future? 3. Promotion Mix ž How is the demand being activated and sustained? ž How should it be? ž Promotion mix includes Advertising, Promoting, Merchandising and Personal Selling VALUE AND WORTH Value is the customer’s estimate of the product’s capacity to his set of goals. Worth is the perception of the balance between satisfied goals and the costs involved in satisfying these goals. Good value is where worth is perceived as greater than the costs, and poor value where the costs are perceived greater than the worth. As consumer needs, wants and demands change, as competition increases, and as  technology offers new opportunities, the process of creating a consumer-product relationship is also the process of managing change. Broadly, advertising, promoting and merchandising may be described as the process of bringing the buyer and seller together once the needs of both these parties have been understood. PROMOTION The product in a hotel context constitutes a wholesome package on the offer, and attempts to satisfy and convey: ž The image of the establishment ž Quality of the product and service ž Style of management Prices ž Environment, facilities and services Promotion is an activity directly concerned with the product. Promotion should inform the customers of the establishment, make them aware of its existence, persuade them to buy and convince them of the image and quality of the product. This is done by way of: Personal selling Advertising Sales promotions Merchandising Public relations Agents Promotion is an activity which must be carefully planned and controlled. Usually the main objective of the promotional campaign is to stimulate demand by using persuasive messages to attract past users and new customers to the establishment. Such messages should convince prospective customers that the product on offer is good value for money. PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is doe through contacts with local organizations and committees, or more directly through the restaurant staff talking to guests. All employees who are in contact with the customer must be made aware of the importance of selling the products to increase profits and provide a satisfactory experience for the customers. Personal selling is the most potent method of promoting sales where the seller has an opportunity to make a complete presentation of his sales story, answer all objectives, and follow through the computation of a sale with a signed order. All staff must therefore gain a good knowledge of the company’s products and services, and develop good social skills with an ability to promote and sell. Showing concern for the customers not only makes them feel comfortable, but also promotes sales and increases the effectiveness of the establishment. ADVERTISING Advertising should convey messages which influence customer behavior. Advertisements should convey and result in: ž An immediate increase in sales ž Awareness of the existence of the establishment ž Informing the public of the name and location of the establishment ž Telephones and faxes of the establishment ž Timings and dates of operation ž The type of offer – room, restaurant, catering, leisure activities ž Style of food and drink offered ž Unique selling propositions and special features ž Whom to contact for what Advertising messages should define and clarify: ž Objectives of the advertisement ž Menu offering ž Target customers ž Media type to reach target ž Timing of the advertisement ž Budget ž Product differentiators The medium used for the advertisement may be television, radio, newspapers, magazines and journals, Internet, pamphlets, brochures, posters, static poster sites, sponsorships, cinema and direct mailers. The selection of the medium depends on the budget and the target audience. Large hotel companies organize their own local campaigns. This requires that the hotel progresses and reviews the various stages in the preparation of various ads and be aware of the advertising production cycle. SALES PROMOTION Sales promotion is a day to day operation relating to discount offers, price reduction and special offers. They are designed to appeal to a certain section of the market or the target audience. Food festivals, for example, are held to promote cuisine and beverages of a particular region or country. A theme promotion may help the business and promote sales by way of volume of sales increased during off-peak periods by attracting new customers, gain publicity in the local media circle, and stimulate and interest regular groups. Follow up after sales is a very vital component of any promotional activity. MERCHANDISING The objective of merchandising in F&B is not so much to create new techniques, but to implement existing merchandising techniques to their utmost potential. A customer can hardly buy what he doesn’t know, and so all merchandising and salesmanship should be directed to the five senses of sight, smell, taste, touch and hearing. Based on these factors, we should analyze our restaurants in detail in order to establish adequate programs for improvement. Sight – The most common technique in this category is the use of visual displays. These not only include static displays of fruit or ice, but also menus, tabletops, trolleys and carts, and the suchlike. Smell – Aroma stimulates taste-buds, and the use of smell to sell is a very effective tool. Aromas used effectively in restaurants include freshly brewed coffee, exotic herbs and spices, and the like. Taste – Whereas the success of a restaurant depends on the taste of the food, successful merchandising may includ e pre-order tasting and niblets. Touch – Merchandising to the touch not only include various textures on the food but also such things as crisp napkins and beautiful crystal ware. DEFINITION OF MARKETING The word market is derived from the Latin work ‘Marcatus’ meaning goods or trade or a place where business is conducted. The term marketing is defined  as a ‘business activity planned at satisfying to a reasonable extent, consumer or customer needs and wants, generally through on exchange process’. The human needs are less and are important for his survival. The wants of people are many and varied and change with time, place and society. The wants keep changing with life styles, earning capacity of consumers, social values, education etc. Human intentions and decision to acquire may not be the same due to existing conditions. A man like or intend to stay in a five star hotel. He may decide (or acquire) a room in a three star hotel due to his tight financial position. Kotler defines marketing as â€Å"a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating, offering and exchanging products of value with others. As per the definition by the American Marketing Association (AMA), marketing is â€Å"the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals.† ‘Market’ traditionally is a place where buyers and sellers gather to exchange their goods. With this concept of markets, it is seen that Marketing means working with markets to actualize potential exchanges for the purpose of satisfying human needs and wants. To meet the exchange process in the market, considerable skill and work is put by one party to the transaction. To bring in the desired response from the other party in a market, the marketer has to analyze, plan, implement and control activities. Definition of Marketing Management, according to Kotler, is the process of planning and executing the conception, the pricing, promotion and distribution ideas, goods and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. He has thus approved the definition of the AMA. Marketing Management is engaged in influencing the level, timing the  composition of demand in a manner that will help an organization to achieve its objectives. Marketing Management is basically demand management. COMPONENTS AND CLASSIFICATION OF MARKET Market is a social and economic institution which performs activities and provides infrastructure for exchange of commodities between buyers and sellers. A market is not confined to a particular geographical location, it exists wherever the fundamental forces of demand and supply exist. Market Components The following components are necessary for a market to exist: Two parties are necessary – one buyer/s and secondly seller/s Goods or commodity for transaction. Physical existence of goods is not necessary. Business relation and communication between buyer and seller and Demarcation-area or place there, uniform price or competition is not a condition. Classification of Markets Based on nature and dimensions, markets are classified as under: 1.Area of Coverage Local Market: Where buying and selling activities are taking place, where buyers and sellers belong to same or nearby villages. These are for perishable items like vegetables. Tehsil Level Markets: Market catering to buyers and sellers of taluka area. Buyers and seller meet for their stock of food grains and other daily use items. Regional Level Markets: Usually at district headquarters to cater to a larger area. National Level: Buyers and sellers world over meet in this market. These are large scale markets and business value and volumes are large. The items transacted include, silver, gold, non-ferrous metals, petro goods and machinery. In the recent past, agricultural commodities have also entered the area. 2.Location Village Market: The transactions between buyer and seller takes place in a small village center called a village market or a Haat. This meet is periodical, usually once or twice a week Primary Market: The villagers take their agricultural produce to the nearby town or Tehsil on bullock carts, buses or tractors-transaction in the town market takes place between farmers and products. Wholesale Markets: These markets are located at important commercial centers or district headquarters. The arrivals from villagers and other markets are large in quantities. The transactions take place among villagers, village traders and wholesalers. There are specialized marketing functions that take place in this market. They are commission agents, brokers, packers, weighment etc. These are also called Secondary markets. Terminal Market: This market caters to the final consumer or processor. These are organized and modern markets. These markets are in cities or state capitals and deal in many commodities. 3.Volumes of Trade Retail Markets: Where goods are brought and sold to consumers based on actual requirements. The retailers purchases goods from the wholesale market and sell in small lots to the nearby consumers. Wholesale Markets: The wholesale markets are in big cities or commercial centers in a district. The commodities are brought in bit lots bulk and sold in bulk. These markets balance supply and demand fluctuations and also determine the prices of the commodities being transacted. As such wholesale markets are an important part in the market scheme. 4.Time Span Short Period Market: These markets are for few hours or a day in a week. Generally perishable goods like vegetables, fruits, milk, fish, mutton are traded. The prices are fixed on the basis of demand pattern. Long Period Market: Where perishable items for a long period are traded. The items are food grains, oilseeds and oil. The prices are governed by supply as well as demand forces in the market. Permanent Market: Markets where commodities can be kept for any length of time like machinery, steel furniture, manufactured goods. 5.Number of Commodities General Market: These markets deal in a large number of commodities and of different quality and packages. The items are as groceries, foodgrains, oils, oilseeds, sugar etc. Specialised Markets: Markets where only one or wo commodities are transacted are called specialized markets. Examples are foodgrain markets, electrical markets, cotton markets and vegetable markets. 6.Type of Transactions Spot or Cash Markets: Where goods are exchanged immediately on payment of cash Forward Markets: In this market, the timing of exchange of commodity and purchase and sale of that commodity are not same. The goods are delivered at a later date. Sometimes the goods are not delivered at all, only difference being in sales and purchase price which are paid as per agreements. 7.Degree of Competition Market are seen from perfect competition to pure monopoly. The markets may exist different intermediate points. The markets are classified on the basis on basis of competition as under: Perfect Markets: The perfect market in true sense does not exist. This presupposes that There are large numbers of buyers and sellers. The buyers and sellers in the market have indepth knowledge of prices, demand and supply. Price are uniform in a geographical area- Plus or minus cost of transportation from surplus to deficit market. Plus or minus cost of storage over a period of time. Plus or minus cost of converting the product from one to another. Imperfect Markets: In this market, the conditions of perfect market are lacking. These are: Monopoly market where there is only one seller of a commodity. He has sole control. The prices are generally higher. When there is only one buyer, the market is termed as monophony market. Duopoly market is a market there are two sellers of a commodity in the market. Where there are only two buyers in the market, it is called duopsony market. Monopolistic competition: Where a large number of sellers are selling heterogeneous and differentiated forms of a commodity, the situation is termed monopolistic competition. Example – farmer has to choose between various makes or brands of pesticides, pumpsets and fertilizers. 8.Nature of Commodities Commodity Markets: Pertains to the types of goods like grains, cotton, sugar, fertilizers etc. Capital Markets: Markets where shares, debentures and bonds are purchased and sold as in share markets. 9.Government Intervention Regulated Markets: Where markets are controlled by government or statutory rules and regulations, pricing and distribution are as per laid down rules. Unregulated Markets: The seller or trader makes his own rules for conduct of business. These are not government rules for trading. The traders may exploit the situations. 10Accrual of Marketing Margins This is done on the basis of whom the marketing goes. These are usually cooperative market. These are prevalent in milk, fertilizer and sugar industries. The margins are distributed to the cooperative members. 11Type of Population Served Urban Market: Markets to serve the urban population. Rural Market: Markets to meet demands originating from the rural population. MARKETING SYSTEM Marketing activity presently dealt with focused on the commercial transaction between a seller and a buyer. The seller offers his commodities to the buyer to satisfy his needs and wants. The buyer purchases the commodity or services as per his needs and demand. Marketing Activity and Environment The framework or environment in which marketing activity takes place is within and outside the buyer and seller organizations – some are controllable and some are uncontrollable variables. Some variables can be controlled by the seller that is one can plan, organize and perform – whereas there are variables which are beyond and control. Five Ps The controllable variables are planned and their level of intensities are used to influence the target market. This is called the marketing mix. E.J. McCarthy developed the marketing mix. They are the five Ps-Product, Price, Packaging, Place and Promotion. The variables in each of these Ps is detailed in Fig. Product Price Packaging Place Promotion Quality List price Lot size Retail outlets Advertising Options Discount Durability Channels Personal selling Features Allowances Appeal Coverage Sales promotion Style Payment period Ease in handling Inventory Publicity Brand name Credit terms And Transport Transport Public relations Size Handling Warranties Store keeping Returns Appeal Value 5Ps and their variables MARKETING GOALS Marketing is an important and integral part of any enterprise. It follows of the organization, that is marketing desires goals from an organization. gives goals of an organization and its marketing arm. Organization Marketing Growth Product Sales growth Market development Diversification Profitability Maximum sales revenue Maximum contribution Market Penetration Market leadership Innovation Consumer satisfaction Image Company image Brand image Social image Goals of Organization and Marketing SELLING AND MARKETING CONCEPTS Selling concept holds that, if left alone, a customer will ordinarily not buy enough products of the organization. the organization must, therefore, go for aggressive selling and invest in promotional campaigns. This is a common man’s approach. The aim is to sell what an organization makes rather than make what the market wants. On the hand, marketing is a business philosophy that is opposed to the selling concept. The marketing concept holds that the key to achieve goals of an organization consists of being more effective than its competitors in evolving and executing marketing activities towards determining and satisfying the needs and wants of target markets. The concept is put is few words – â€Å"find wants and fill them† or â€Å"meeting needs profitably†. The difference between selling and marketing are detailed in below. Concepts Starting Points Focus Means End The Selling Concept Factory Products Selling and Promoting Profits through sales through The Marketing Target Customer Integrated Profit through Concepts Market Needs Marketing Customer Satisfaction DIFFERENCES IN SELLING AND MARKETING CONCEPTS Market Structure and Dynamics Market structure has to meet the requirements and adjust substantially to the changing environment. For good performance, the market structure should keep pace with: Demand Changes in Market The market structure should be reoriented to keep pace with demand for products in terms of size, quality, packaging due to changes in incomes, consumer tastes and habits. Product Changes in the Market The production pattern changes with technology, economic and institutional reasons. The structure should be reoriented to suit changes. Marketing Function and Cost Factors Market information, enfacing inventory holding patterns and transport facilities have bearing on the type of market structure. Should change as per costs and changes in Government policies. CHAPTER III DATA ANALYSE Questionnaire Based Analysis 1. Do you think customer satisfaction is the main goal of the management of a budget hotel? 2. Do you think ensuring the customer of all the comfort will always help in repeat business? 3. What do you think is the reason for lack of repeat business even if all services provided to the guest are budget hotel? 4. What should be the main aspect to be worked upon to attract suitable guests? 5. Why do you think prospective guests are attracted the most by in a hotel facility? 6. What do you think is more important- the tangible goods (food, room, etc) or intangible services provided by hotel employees (courtesy, chivalry, friendly behavior, etc)— 7. How important is branding according to you? CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION BIBLIOGRAPHY QUESTIONNAIRE CONCLUSION Hotel Industry in across the globe needs to give a greater in-depth thought to branding their products and services to reap the benefits of changing customer needs. The Hotel Industry as a whole must continue to ensure Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty and thus make all efforts to retain customers. Hotels must be given a higher ratio of importance as future trends signify that the mentioned sector will be a cash cow for the investors. Innovation is also proposed as a key to success in the Hotel industry currently and also for the future as competition is growing rapidly. So, it will be a good idea to establish theme restaurants with variety of cuisines. Emphasizing on areas like Semiotics would result in generating brand recognition and awareness. This would be a helpful tool in order to impact the consumer’s mind. Media is the recommended channel through which the impact can be profound. Ensuring exceptional guest care by each and every employee should be the norm. To ensure this, flatter structures are recommended to stimulate communication process and close working as a team. Staff levels must be offered better pay packages since they are the ones in direct contact with your customers. Competitive pay packages will also help in retention of staff and better services to the customers. Empower employees, encourage and -support them in their decisions to build confidence. This will lead to better customer service at guest contact points. Outsourcing options should be considered seriously, and in as many services as possible. This will definitely lower payroll costs and may also improve efficiency of operations. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Kotler Philip, Marketing Management: Analysis, Planning, Implementation and control, 8th ed. 1996, Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice Hall, New Delhi. 2. Roberts, John Marketing for the Hospitality Industry, 1993, Hodder Stoughton, London. 3. Kotler, Philip, Marketing Management, the millennium edition, (10th edition) 1999, Prentice hall of India, New Delhi. 4. Reich A.Z., Marketing Management for the hospitality Industry: a Strategic Approach (1997), John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 5. Wearne. Neil; Hospitality Marketing, 2001, Global Books D Subscription Services, New Delhi. 6. Kotler, Bowers and Makens, Marketing for Hospitality and Tourism, 1996, Prentice- hall International, USA. 7. Pearce, J. II and Robinson, R.B. Jr., Formulation and Implementation of competitive strategy, 4th Ed. (1989), Homewood, IL:Irwin. 8. Knowles, Tim; Corporate Strategy for Hospitality, 1996, Longman Company Limited England. Trade Journal & Magazines: 1. Hotelier and Caterer 2. FHRAI magazine